Body and Soul; Spirit and Heart

Luke 1:26-55

This is an important text.

Protestants have not paid it much attention.

We put Mary in the nativity scene each year, 

and we acknowledge her sorrow when Jesus was crucified,

but other than that we have little use for the mother of Jesus.

Catholics on the other hand make a big deal of Mary.

She fills the need for a feminine side to God in a church that is in many ways

sadly masculine and even misogynistic. 

I have long struggled with the meaning of the spirit, spirituality, the soul, 

and even the use of “heart” in scripture and in our common use of it.

So much so that I wrote an article on spirit and soul 

that will be published next year in a little Biblical magazine.

My concern is that these words are too often used 

without explanation or definition. 

We don’t know what another person means when they use these words, 

so we have to look closely at them.

Because of my interest, the text of the Magnificat jumped off the page for me, 

        because here are the words “soul,” “spirit,” and “heart” in one text!

“My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit rejoices in God my Savior.”

Later Mary says that 

“God has scattered the proud in the thoughts of their hearts.”

More about that later.

---------------

About five years ago I preached here on the meaning of “spirit.” 

I had read and concluded that spirit is what transpires between us.

We cannot see spirit because it is our interactions with each other,

our exchange of words and looks, and gestures.

Because God is the word we use for being itself, 

spirit is the energy and creative energy that we know in our living.  

So God is Spirit and God is love, which is the most powerful of emotions and

thoughts and actions that we exchange with and between each other.  

I quoted from Mister Rogers who said, 

“If you could only sense how important you are 

to the lives of those you meet....

  There is something of yourself that you leave at every meeting 

with another person.

  And that person gives a part of what you gave to them to others.” 

Exactly.

So Spirit becomes a huge web of thought and feeling and doing 

that can catch on in society like a virus,

and can become a dominant thought or feeling of the whole culture.

In the ‘80's I was concerned that the popular  “spirituality” was mostly about the personal self

and was opposed to the great Biblical concern for social justice. 

I figured spirituality had to be about seeking justice in society 

as much as it might have to do with such practices as 

personal prayer and meditation. 

Howard Rice, a Presbyterian professor, in his book, Reformed Spirituality said: 

“Spirituality is the pattern by which we shape our lives 

in response to our experience of God 

as a very real presence in and around us.” 

Another writer [Gordon Wakefield] says that“spiritual” describes

“those attitudes, beliefs and practices 

which animate people’s lives....” 

Thus pattern and these attitudes are the values by which I define God.

For me  “Spirituality” is the experience of 

living in the moment of human interactions 

that are bristling with virtues and values, 

tempered by human sensibilities. 

In our spiritualities we feed our spirits so that we understand 

our experiences and accomplishments as reflecting, exhibiting, flaunting, 

                or affirming who we see ourselves to be.

But we need to acknowledge that spirit isn’t always positive or good.

Sometimes it is negative energy.

-----------------

Soul is a confusing word.

We often use spirit and soul interchangeably. 

We use soul to describe our essence, which we might call also our life spirit.

We commonly speak of soul as a ghost-like gift of God at birth 

that returns to God at death. 

The soul is often described as no more than that part of ourselves 

believed to survive bodily death. 

But to the Jews and to Jesus in his time,

“Soul” was simply the “life” of the living.

Soul is not something we have, but something we are.

I conclude that spirituality is how we name 

the religious experience or religious interpretation of our lives — 

of our souls.

So if you say “I believe in God or Jesus as the Christ,”

that is the beginning of your spirituality and your identity as a person. 

Soul is the inner core of our identity.

Soul is our distinct personality; it is how we would identify our individuality.

You might say “I am a Christian. I am a child of good or not so good parents,

I am a father or mother who tried to do well, I am or was poor or rich, 

Or these good and terrible things happened in my life.”

Spirit then is our active individuality as seen and experienced by others.

-----------------

We also speak of “heart” as life and as a metaphor for our feeling alive

and for all the feelings of being alive.

Often heart is described as the seat of the will. 

Will is an odd word. Mostly we speak of writing a will, which is 

the directions of what we want done with our stuff after we die.

A “living will” is what we do and don’t want done to us medically 

when our end is near.

So the human will is our intention to do something, our determination, 

our conviction. 

To some extent it is our character and our faith.

The will is an intersection of body, mind, soul, spirit, and heart.

Recently I read the memoir of a neurosurgeon, James Doty, 

entitled, Into the Magic Shop. 

He calls the brain, “the magic shop.”

I was surprised to read that in fact 

the heart directs the feeling functions of the brain.

I learned about the vagus nerve, a bundle of separate nerves, or fibers that

connect the brain with the various body systems, like electrical wires.

They do carry tiny electrical pulses.

I never knew what a nerve was and I had never heard of the Vagus Nerve.

Through these nerves the heart, lung, stomach and of course the sex organs

communicate to the brain — and in greater number 

than the brain communicates to those organs and systems.

I have a diagram of these connections; you can find one online. 

The shocker is that the heart and the lungs, the stomach and the bowels and gonads 

        can be said to “think” on their own and to “speak” to the brain. 

The brain then speaks to them, giving instructions to them, 

mostly to speed up [sympathetic] or settle down [parasympathetic], 

based on the data received through our senses. 

These internal body and mind communications are our life! 

They are well described as body and soul, and heart and soul,

just as the love songs by those names tell us.

Mary speaks of "the thoughts of our hearts."

We speak of acting on "gut instinct" and letting our sex organs direct us.

Can you see how I needed to understand these common words?

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The Magnificat is very physical and bodily 

because it is about Mary’s pregnancy.

She is a young, unmarried girl, promised to a man named Joseph.

It would have been a scandal in Nazareth 

if they had engaged in intercourse before marriage, 

and so she is called a virgin, 

or at least the word used here is for “young girl,” which can mean virgin.

The story of Mary and Joseph, and the Holy Spirit 

are told to answer questions like: 

“How did Jesus become the Son of God?”

and “How did Jesus become the Messiah?

A long, boring genealogy is provided to show that Joseph 

is descended from King David, which adds complications to the story.

The genealogy shows that Mary is also descended from David, 

just to cover all the bases.

Several important points are made in this story:

Mary, a poor, young pregnant girl engaged to marry a common carpenter

is chosen by God to become the means by which God 

enters the world physically.

She is said to be proud and humbled all at once.

In a world run by men, and by men with total power over others, 

Mary is singled out and lifted up.

This isn’t a story about success at the top!

This is about elevation of the lowly, of those who have nothing except God. [anawim]

It is helpful to think, with a number of scholars, that the gospel of Luke 

was written by a woman, or by a man using a source written by a woman.

It is helpful to see that this hymn or song is in fact borrowed 

from several psalms in the Hebrew scriptures and reads like a psalm.

She speaks of how God has done great things for her, as many psalms do.

But then it shifts into a direction which prefigures great trouble in the entire gospel story.

It is “good trouble,” as Congressman John Lewis described standing up to oppression.

Few good, middle-class protestants have chosen to see what is here.

“God has scattered the proud in the thoughts of their hearts.

  God has brought down the powerful from their thrones,

and lifted up the lowly;

  God has filled the hungry with good things,

and sent the rich away empty.”

I am not kidding. Thousands of preachers have totally ignored the Magnificat, 

        and thousands more have preached from it without commenting on verses 51-53. 

Jesus didn’t come for the comfortable.

Jesus is for the lowly, like his Mother.

From his cross, he tried to bring down the powerful from their thrones.

If you have nothing, you will see this as ultimate integrity.

If you are comfortable God enlists you in the tasks

of filling the hungry with good things and sending the rich away empty.

----------------

But there is a big problem here: Gabriel is given to say,

“He will be called great and the Lord God will give to him 

        the throne of his ancestor David..., of his kingdom there will be no end.”

This is how the author of Luke introduces the idea of “Messiah,” 

a Hebrew word. The Greek word is Christ.

It has a basic meaning of anointed or chosen, 

consecrated to perform special tasks or take on special roles for God. 

Priests and prophets are anointed, not just kings.

Now we know that the church in its earliest history took the wrong road.

We can see that many of our biggest problems today 

        are "baked into" the Bible and our religion.

We made Christ, who opposed kingly rule and violence, a king with armies.

In Luke we see that John the Baptist is given the role of prophet,

while Jesus is intended to fill the Davidic idea of Messiah.

But Jesus as teacher and as example is a prophet;

he is king only by the rule of love, not of might.

So the gospel begins in a good place with Mary and her Magnificat,

but even there quickly turns to the idea that Christ will become a caesar. 

The image of Jesus as a king means he will use force: 

“The zeal of the lord of hosts will do this,” Mary says.

This is the idea of “redemptive violence” 

built into this psalm as if God will solve our problems with ultimate violence.

The opposite idea is prophetic realism, 

which says that violence never works, never achieves the aims it seeks. 

Rather wisdom and expertise should rule. 

Both divinely sanctioned violence and the call to nonviolence 

        are present and in conflict within the Bible.

These are two conflicting ideas in our two political parties today

directly descended from the Hebrews, the Romans, and the Greeks,

2,000 and 2,500 years ago.

A catholic Jesus scholar friend of mine says that 

the Magnificat is “political dynamite” 

because it speaks of oppression will bring justice. 

Justice is a legal and political term, it is controversial: 

whose justice do we want? For whom? And on what principles?

Should government protect the rights of religious groups to worship 

or seek to protect worshipers in a pandemic by limiting their worship? 

This is a political question today that is a direct descendant 

of the justice issues of 2000 years ago.

But we are given the law as understood in the great commandments:

“You shall love the Lord your God 

with all your heart and with all your soul 

and with all your strength and with all your mind, 

  and [you shall love] your neighbor as yourself.”

Love and Politics

Love usually seems so soft and sentimental; even saccharine. We usually attribute the worst of behavior to politics. Love as risking ourselves or surrendering something of ourselves for another seems so far away from the politics of April, 2020.

And foreign aid has always seemed a cold kind of caring, usually with international political ends attached. Wars to those of us in the U.S. seem far away, except to the few, usually from lower social and economic brackets, who have lost someone in one of those wars. Even then, mostly we conclude that the war must have been right and good for our loved one to have died in it.

So I am shocked to read an obscure little sermon given by Paul Tillich at a prayer meeting at Riverside Church in New York City, in 1940. (Translated and shared by Tim Mize of the Paul Tillich discussion group on Facebook) Tillich speaks of how the European war – in which the U.S. was not yet participating – following a Great Depression, made everyone more conscious of death. (It was probably the case that not “everyone” was so moved.) He says this reminds us how death “not only affects our personal lives, it also affects our securities, our institutions, our tradition, our future, our preferred values and our faith.”

He speaks of refugees as “symbols of human existence, as symbols of our finiteness and transitoriness. But also consider them as symbols of love, which is stronger than death. You have already done this by receiving them into your country and giving them every possible help. You have rendered them this service as an expression of love and hope.” He pointedly adds that “It is love that defeats death, not help without love. Where help is given without love, it only creates more hardship.” Help would be mere charity, something extra given so that the giver will feel less sadness and guilt.

Tillich’s words made me see that offerings like One Great Hour of Sharing, begun in 1948 as an ecumenical response to the refugee, hunger, and rebuilding needs in Europe, and great foreign policy programs like the Marshall Plan at the same time were not entirely of practical motivation with hopes of return, but powerful expressions of love for peoples of all nationalities, races, and religions, allies and former enemies. I know that I preached this, but I think I understand it more deeply now. Government programs and private giving are expressions of love, or they are not.

I promote love and other high values as the sign and presence of what we call God. (If God is love, then love is God!) Love seems so much smaller and further from us today. This should bother religious believers, for it means that God is far from us today.

I think of our immigration policies, driven not by concern or love, or a desire to rescue others from death, but by fears of difference, unknowns, and loss of security and privileges. Likewise our foreign policies towards Central and South America, China, and now even Europe, are driven by a strange need to separate ourselves from others rather than uniting with them. Love and God are far from us.

We have politicians who speak of love, who can speak lovingly, who can lead us in directions of love. Oddly, we don’t want to listen to them or elect them. If we do not begin listening for love and responding to it, then death will rule us like darkness on a moonless night.

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Here is the ending of Paul Tillich’s sermon:

Love is stronger than death, even in our days when death has gained a power over humanity as never before: death in the form of war, death in the form of mass suggestion, death in the form of persecution and abuse, death in the form of personal despair, hunger and loss of life. The people with whom you form a church before God in this hour carry in their souls and often also in their bodies traces of death, which they will never completely lose. Receive them into your community as a symbol of death, which is a constant element of all life. 

Receive them as people whose fate should remind you of something, which in self-satisfied affluence is often forgotten: that the end is always present, that we must learn to endure the majestic but terrible image of death. And death not only affects our personal lives, it also affects our securities, our institutions, our tradition, our future, our preferred values and our faith. 

Among these refugees are some who have had to suffer death in this way many times. They were driven from country to country, from nation to nation, from language to language. Think of them as symbols of human existence, as symbols of our finiteness and transitoriness. But also consider them as symbols of love, which is stronger than death. You have already done this by receiving them into your country and giving them every possible help. You have rendered them this service as an expression of love and hope. They thank you for it and -- whether you believe it or not, I know it -- they thank you for more than the actual help, however necessary it also was. It is love that defeats death, not help without love. Where help is given without love, it only creates more hardship.

The world is under the rule of death. To receive these refugees, to receive them in the name and power of love, is to raise a sign of that which is stronger than death. It means that separation and isolation, which inevitably lead to death, are defeated. It testifies to a new beginning in the ashes of a burning world. It testifies to the rare victory over death that is possible in our time. It testifies that love is stronger than death. 

The Rule of Law -- A Political Sermon (03/01/20)

SCRIPTURE:

Around the year 586 before Jesus
the Babylonians defeated the ancient Israelites
and destroyed the temple in Jerusalem.
About 20,000 people there, 1/4 of the population including many leaders,
were exiled to Babylon over a period of about ten years.
While in Babylon (near present day Baghdad)
these Jews wrote much of their history and laws.

About 50 years later the Persian king Cyrus conquered Babylon
and released the Jews from their captivity.
Ezra, a leader of those who returned,
launched a long and sometimes secret campaign to rebuild the temple.
The majority who remained had not worshiped God or followed the law
while the leaders had been in exile.
The story is that on their return Ezra organized the priests
and planned to read the law, most of the book of Deuteronomy to the people.

Selections from Nehemiah 8-13 (edited)

All the people gathered together into the square. 
The scribe Ezra brought the book of the law of Moses, 
which the Lord had given to Israel. 
The priest Ezra brought the law before the assembly, 
both men and women and all who could hear with understanding. 
He read from it facing the square from early morning until midday, 
in the presence of those who could understand; 
and the ears of all the people were attentive to the book of the law.... 

And the Levites helped the people to understand the law, 
while the people remained in their places. 
So they read from the book, from the law of God, with interpretation. 
They gave the sense, so that the people understood the reading.

And Nehemiah, who was the governor, and Ezra the priest and scribe,
and the Levites who taught the people said to all of them, 
“This day is holy to the Lord your God; do not mourn or weep.” 
For all the people wept when they heard the words of the law. 

The people heard the law and pledged to adhere to the law of God,
and to observe and do all the commandments of the Lord our God
and his ordinances and his statutes. 

Then the leaders of Judah came up onto the wall, 
and there were trumpets and cymbals, harps, and lyres, and the singers sang.
The people offered great sacrifices that day and rejoiced, 
for God had made them rejoice with great joy; 
the women and children also rejoiced. [always a second thought]
The joy of Jerusalem was heard far away.

SERMON:

We in the churches have been told that the law of ancient Israel was a bad thing,
that there were too many of them
and that they diminished the lives of the people.
Jesus objected that requirements and obedience to laws
sometimes prevented people from helping those in need.
But here we have a story of the people who re-discovered the law
and found in it something of great importance that they had lost.

The great theologian Karl Barth, in the crisis in Germany at the end of WWI
said that the preacher must stand with the Bible in one hand and the newspaper in the other.
That is what the preacher must do today,
or find herself or himself totally irrelevant and unimportant and ultimately, faithless.

I was listening to the news on television and reading newspapers on my phone
a few weeks ago when I suddenly realized
that what has been happening in Washington DC
echoes a big story from the Hebrew Scriptures.
Words and actions by the president and the attorney general,
and support of their actions by Republican Senators
have been criticized for creating a crisis
by denying and opposing “the rule of law.”
The rule of law is the idea that all people and institutions,
including the rich and powerful, are accountable to fair and just laws
in a system of elected legislators to create laws,
an executive branch to administer those laws, and courts to oversee them.
This system is established by an accepted Constitution, for the good of society.
In such a system no one, even one in authority, is above the law.
This system is under threat and in crisis
when a president declares the right to do as he or she pleases,
ignores existing laws and norms,
and when a legislature and when courts allow the president to behave in such ways.

So listen to Deuteronomy beginning in Chapter 6 which outlines
the laws and the principles underlying the laws of ancient Israel.
You aren’t likely to read Deuteronomy, so I have done it for you.
Here I will give you a summary of what the people of Jerusalem
would have heard when the forgotten laws were read to them,
causing them to weep.

Now this is the great commandment—the statutes and the ordinances—
that the Lord your God teaches you to observe, 
so that it may go well with you, 
and so that you may multiply greatly 
in a land flowing with milk and honey, 
as the Lord, the God of your ancestors, has promised you.
Hear, O Israel: The Lord is our God, the Lord alone. 
You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, 
and with all your soul, and with all your might....

The next sentence tells us why this is important:
If we diligently observe this entire commandment 
before the Lord our God, as he has commanded us, 
we will be in the right.

This means that obeying the law puts us on the right side of God.
If we understand that God is not a person, not an object,
not the subject of anything,
but rather the spirit behind our highest human values,
then we see that our human American rule of law
is no different than ancient Israel’s rule by God’s law.

Ancient Israel and later ancient Rome
and tribes such as the Haudenosuanee (Iroquois) of New York
were the inventors of Constitutions,
modern representation and democracy, and the rule of law.
The law is good because it expresses the values
which manifest our idea and construct of what we call God.
Therefore to mess with the rule of law
is to undermine and threaten all that is holy and sacred
and is to be treated with awe for our lives to have meaning.

So the Israelite law begins with the command:
You shall not exalt yourselves.

So now, O Israel, what does the Lord your God require of you? 
Only to fear the Lord your God, to walk in all his ways,
to serve the Lord your God [by obeying the law!]
with all your heart and with all your soul... 
for your own well-being.... 
For the Lord your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, 
is not partial and takes no bribe, 
executes justice for the orphan and the widow, 
loves the strangers, providing them food and clothing. 
You shall also love the stranger, 
for you were strangers in the land of Egypt. 

Do you hear the issues of our present day
and our violation of these ancient laws?
All who have ears, hear today’s news in the book of Deuteronomy.

These are the statutes and ordinances that you must diligently observe:
There are laws on what foods to eat and which cannot be eaten.
This was the ancient way of bringing preventive health care
to the people.
There are detailed laws on giving tithes for the temple
and the government.
(This was early socialism, the novel idea
that we are not isolated individuals
with no no responsibility for our common life together,
that we should share the cost for all the things
that help us create and maintain communities,
our common basis for economic growth and social progress.)

Every seventh year you shall grant a remission or cancel all debts.
Economics has never been a science.
This shows an early understanding of how unregulated
buying and selling leads to economic inequality
which must be made right somehow.
Such cancellation of debt probably never happened as written here,
but there are numerous laws here to alleviate the poverty
of those who lost their lands and wealth to weather or oppression.

You shall appoint judges and officials throughout your tribes, 
in all your towns that the Lord your God is giving you, 
and they shall render just decisions for the people. 
You must not distort justice; you must not show partiality; 
and you must not accept bribes, 
for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and
subverts the cause of those who are in the right. 
Justice, and only justice, you shall pursue.... 

When you have come into the land
and have taken possession of it and settled in it, and you say, 
“I will set a king over me, like all the nations that are around me,” 
you may indeed set over you a king 
but you are not permitted to put a foreigner over you.... 
Even so, he must not acquire many horses for himself..., 
And he must not acquire many wives for himself, 
also silver and gold he must not acquire 
in great quantity for himself. 

There are laws forbidding all magic and superstitious nonsense
and con games.
This was the way they protected reason and science such as it was.

God continues to give laws against lies and for truth:
I will raise up a prophet; 
I will put my words in the mouth of the prophet, 
who shall speak to them everything that I command.... 
You may say to yourself, 
“How can we recognize a word that the Lord has not spoken?” 
If a prophet speaks in the name of the Lord 
but the thing does not take place or prove true, 
it is a word that the Lord has not spoken. 
The prophet has spoken it presumptuously; do not be frightened by it.

There are laws against crime and to protect the rights of the accused:

You shall establish three Cities of Refuge. (chapter 19) 
[In the case that] someone has killed another person unintentionally
when the two had not been at enmity before: 
(Suppose someone goes into the forest with another to cut wood, 
and when one of them swings the ax to cut down a tree, 
the head slips from the handle and strikes the other person
who then dies;) 
the killer may flee to one of these cities and live.... 

This law will sound familiar to many of you:
You must not move your neighbor’s boundary marker, 
set up by former generations, 
on the property that will be allotted to you 
in the land that the Lord your God is giving you to possess.

A single witness shall not suffice 
to convict a person of any crime or wrongdoing 
in connection with any offense that may be committed. 
Only on the evidence of two or three witnesses 
shall a charge be sustained. 
If a malicious witness comes forward to accuse someone of wrongdoing,
then both parties to the dispute shall appear before the Lord, 
before the priests and the judges who are in office in those days, 
and the judges shall make a thorough inquiry. 
If the witness is a false witness, having testified falsely against another,
then you shall do to the false witness 
just as the false witness had meant to do to the other. 

There are rules of Warfare, for treatment of captives, (chapter 20)
the Right of the Firstborn and rules for inheritance.
And this about neighbors:

You shall not watch your neighbor’s ox or sheep straying away 
and ignore them; you shall take them back to their owner. 
You shall do the same with a neighbor’s donkey; 
you shall do the same with a neighbor’s garment; 
and you shall do the same with anything else 
that your neighbor loses and you find. 
You may not withhold your help.
You shall not see your neighbor’s donkey or ox fallen on the road 
and ignore it; you shall help to lift it up.

When you build a house, you shall make a railing for your roof;
otherwise you might have guilt if anyone should fall from it.

There are laws concerning Sexual Relations, adultery, rape,
prostitution, loans and debts, marriage and divorce, kidnapping.
There are rules for the prevention of contagion!
There are laws for making loans and collecting on them.

You shall not withhold the wages of poor and needy laborers, 
whether other Israelites or aliens who reside in your land 
in one of your towns. 
You shall pay them their wages daily before sunset, 
because they are poor and their livelihood depends on them.

Parents shall not be put to death for their children, 
nor shall children be put to death for their parents; 
only for their own crimes may persons be put to death.

You shall not deprive a resident alien or an orphan of justice; 

When you reap your harvest in your field and forget a sheaf in the field,
you shall not go back to get it; 
it shall be left for the alien, the orphan, and the widow, 

Suppose two persons have a dispute and enter into litigation, and
the judges decide between them, declaring one to be in the right
and the other to be in the wrong. (Chapter 25)
If the one in the wrong deserves to be flogged, 
the judge shall make that person lie down 
and be beaten in his presence 
with the number of lashes proportionate to the offense. 
Forty lashes may be given but not more; 
if more lashes than these are given, 
your neighbor will be degraded in your sight.

You shall not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain.

You shall not have in your bag or in your house
two kinds of weights, large and small. 

You shall offer First Fruits and Tithes gratefully.

In conclusion, this is the book of Deuteronomy,
this is the ancient rule of law, much like our own,
               or rather ours is much like theirs because built upon it.
This suggests how I understand God, not as the giver of law,
but the creative power behind the law.
We must live by the rule of law,
even as we contest laws which we deem to be unfair or unjust
                because behind the law lies God.
We cannot live without the rule of law, which makes us human.
The alternative is unthinkable.

Overwhelmed and Happy from New Orleans and the Jazz Ed Network

Just to list all of the great groups I heard at the JEN (Jazz Education Network) conference in New Orleans is mind-boggling. One of the themes was women in jazz so I heard Sarah Coswell, and SAGE, the initials of a quartet of individually top-notch players. I heard impressive middle school kids from the Tucson Jazz Institute and from the Jane Addams Middle School in Seattle. I heard the Shake Em Up jazz band led by Marla Dixon (trumpet) with Chloe Feoranzo (clarinet), and the Bria Skonberg (trumpet) quartet with Roxy Coss on sax. She led the New York City Hot Jazz Camp I attended 2 years ago.

I heard the Brubeck Brothers who don't often play together in a fantastic concert honoring their father (100th anniversary of his birth). A surprising and delightful concert was given by Simon Rowe, formerly head of the Brubeck Institute, now director of the San Francisco Jazz Conservatory, He and his outstanding faculty (for this year) from the conservatory played Brubeck tunes -- Chad Lefkowitz is now my favorite tenor sax player, and Matt Wilson is my favorite drummer as well as a friend. An improvised chamber music group from Montreal led by Jean-Michel Pilc gave an interesting take on free jazz: a group that just plays without reference to any music, key, or plan. The festival ended as it began three years ago with the Preservation Hall Legacy Band, members of which are related to original Preservation Hall players -- My hero Louis Ford played clarinet beautifully again this time surprising us with a solo of Georgia Cabin by Sidney bechet, a tune I didn't know. Louis introduced Charlie Gabriel, helped up the steps to the stage to show us that he can swing and honk at 87.

Saturday I made my way to Frenchmen Street (northeast of the French Quarter beyond the Jazz Museum in the old Mint) where I visited The Spotted Cat, Bamboula’s, Snug Harbor, the Royal Hotel, D.B.A., and the Three Muses. I heard the Hot Club of New Orleans, G and The Swinging Gypsies (a fusion Django/pop group), Chance Bushman, who sings and tap dances leading the Ibervillionaires, and Marla again with the Shotgun jazz band, which revived In the Gloaming for me. So many great players and I have so little ability to praise them all adequately. All of these players can be heard on YouTube.

At the conference I heard inspiring presentations by scholars from around the world. A theme of “less is more” (concerning improvization) came through everything I heard. My friend and teacher Evan Christopher says on the one hand that a clarinet player can’t play too many notes, but also that the groove comes first from clapping and stepping. Street bands of people without musical training, playing two notes are the beginning of jazz. (I have heard such bands in New Orleans!) An analysis of Louis Armstrong’s solos reveals that he surprisingly played mostly 1-3-5's with few 7ths. Notes in the margins of Ellington’s scores say things like “Jazz is freedom of expression.” Pilc spoke of taking music off the paper and into life.

I want to think a lot more deeply about issues of race in America. In New Orleans I realized that race is more basically the history of slavery, our destruction of native cultures, reconstruction, Jim crow, segregation, up to and including Black Lives Matter as a be response to our systemic practice of policing and imprisonment, housing and other segregated practices. In the North I think Whites view Blacks without much awareness or understanding of the impact of the slavery tradition. I was struck by the renovated old bank and business buildings in NO. I was staying in an apartment building that had been a "homestead savings bank." Many hotels in the Central Business District had the names of such old institutions including "the cotton exchange." I realized that a person of color would not have been allowed in these places except to clean them. Today there is significant "race mixing" but with some omnipresent tension, ameliorated by black and white working well together for some, and by conscious expressions of respect by whites and blacks both to maintain peace and to make it. The presence of native street names and the preservation of memories of native tribes in rituals related to Mardi gras are reminders of how and why those people's are mostly gone. There is a good reason why our race problems are called “America’s original sin.”